Atomic and optical physics are two fields closely connected by a shared range of  energy scales, and the interactions between them. Atoms represent the most fundamental components of matter, and interactions with electromagnetic fields are responsable for many properties used to characterize a material, like the emission and absorption of radiation by these systems. Over the last decades, this has allowed us to use light as a tool to access and manipulate the internal states of atomic systems. Such a quantum control has transformed atoms into one of the preferred platforms to explore fundamental science, including Applications in quantum information, quantum metrology or, more recently, the realization of synthetic materials where light can induce interactions that would be difficult to find intrinsically in real materials.

In the first part of this Thesis, we show how single atoms coupled to a cavity field can offer unique opportunities as quantum optomechanical devices because of their small mass and strong interaction with light. In particular, we focus on the "single-photon strong coupling" regime, where motional displacements on the order of the zero-point uncertainty are sufficient to shift the cavity resonance frequency by more than its linewidth. By coupling atomic motion to the narrow cavity-dressed atomic resonance, we theoretically observe that the scattering properties of single photons can become highly entangled with the atomic wavefunction, even if the cavity linewidth is large. This leads to a per-photon motional heating that is significantly larger than the single-photon recoil energy, as well as mechanically-induced oscillations that could be observed in the correlations of state-of-the-art cavity systems.

In the second part of the Thesis, we investigate how synthetic materials built using light can be harnessed as quantum simulators, defeating the limitations that classical computers face in the exploration of quantum phenomena. We particularly focus on ultracold atomic mixtures trapped in optical lattices, where atom-mediated long-range interactions can provide an enabling tool in the simulation of relevant problems in condensed matter or quantum chemistry.

First, we show that fermionic atoms in an ultracold gas can act as a mediator, giving rise to effective long-range RKKY interactions among other neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice. We further propose several experimental knobs to tune these interactions, which are characterized by the density and dimensionality of the gas and are accessible in current experimental platforms. We also show that these knobs open up the exploration of new frustrated regimes where symmetry-protected topological phases and chiral spin liquids emerge.

Second, we introduce a set of experimental schemes where long-range interactions are mediated by an additional bosònic species trapped in a commensurate optical lattice, both in 2D and 3D. In particular, we show that the interplay with cavity QED can lead to effective Coulomb-like repulsion, which opens the door to the analog simulation of quantum chemistry problems using ultracold fermionic atoms as simulated electrons. Apart from explaining the emergent mechanism, we provide operational conditions for the simulator, benchmark it with simple atoms and molecules, and analyze how the continuous limit is approached for increasing optical lattice sizes. Finally, we compare our results with those of the continuum limit, where conventional quantum chemistry methods can be evaluated and tested. In summary, our results show connections between different areas of theoretical and experimental physics where light-matter interaction can play a dominant role, and suggest how this can be harnessed to further advance our understanding of strongly correlated quantum matter.

Thesis Directors: Prof Dr. Darrick Chang & Dr. Alejandro González Tudela